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Charlton let slip a three-goal lead away to Carlisle but a Paul Benson strike deep into injury time sealed all three points for the Addicks.
The visitors opened the scoring in the 23rd minute when Johnnie Jackson fired home from close range.
They doubled their lead 15 minutes later when a Scott Wagstaff cross found Joe Anyinsah.
Charlton started the second half as they had finished the first, finding the back of the net through Benson just 90 seconds after the restart.
By now, the game had seemed beyond Carlisle's reach but Mike Grella's header in the 58th minute inspired the home side to the most unlikely of comebacks.
The Cumbrians' Craig Curran pulled a second goal back just three minutes later before Greg Madine's strike for 3-3 stunned the travelling Charlton supporters.
But there was yet another twist in this incredible match when, with seconds left on the clock, Benson found the net with his close range effort.
The win leaves Charlton 11th in the npower League One table.