The UK has become the first country in the world to approve the Pfizer/BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine and, with the rollout expected to start as soon as next week, attention has turned to disinformation about the process.

Within hours of the news, both “Thalidomide” and “Bill Gates” began trending on Twitter.

Both relate to widely-circulated claims from opponents of vaccination which have been thoroughly debunked.

The editor of independent fact-checking charity Full Fact, Tom Phillips, told the PA news agency that much of this disinformation plays on “the more legitimate territory of concerns and questions that people may have about the speed of it (vaccine production) and about how well they (vaccines) have been tested”.

“That’s a territory where having concerns is not necessarily wrong,” he said.

“It’s really on the authorities and on the vaccine manufacturers to do a good job of showing the evidence and earning the trust of the public.”

He said it is important to look for the source before sharing on any claim about the vaccine.

He said you should ask: “Is it a reliable, trustworthy, reputable source?

“Ask to see the evidence. It’s always worth spending a little bit of time before you share it on to check if it is true.”

PA has debunked some of the top myths surrounding the coronavirus vaccine.

MYTH: The speed with which the vaccine was created means it’s not clear if it’s safe

FACT: It is true that most vaccines usually take several years to be developed. However, as deputy chief medical officer Jonathan Van-Tam explained, this is usually because they are produced by companies which make an “investment decision about whether to move on” at each stage.

“But with Covid vaccines it is clear that we have a global public health emergency on our hands and that even waiting five years for a Covid vaccine if we don’t have to is completely the wrong thing to do.”

He said this meant the “shackles had come off in terms of investing”, and that governments such as the UK had invested hundreds of millions of pounds “to try and speed it (vaccine development) up”.

The standards for safety and effectiveness have not, however, changed due to the speed of production and testing – and it is still subject to independent regulation.

In the UK’s case, this comes from the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) which approved the Pfizer vaccine on Wednesday.

MYTH: But didn’t the regulators cut corners to test the vaccine quickly?

FACT: No. Part of the reason the MHRA was able to test the vaccine faster than usual is because Pfizer’s clinical trial stages overlapped with each other rather than happening one after another.

This work enabled more than 1,000 pages of data to be examined in tandem with the progress of scientists, meaning the work could be completed far more quickly.

The safety checks, however, were still the same.

Dr June Raine, head of regulator MHRA, said after news of its approval: “That doesn’t mean that any corners have been cut, none at all.”

Dr Raine said experts had worked “round the clock, carefully, methodically poring over tables and analyses and graphs on every single piece of data”.

Additionally, most adverse side effects to a vaccine occur shortly after receiving it, rather than after many months, said Professor Robin Shattock, head of mucosal infection and immunity at Imperial College London.

MYTH: The Oxford vaccine contains parts of aborted foetus

FACT: A Facebook user falsely claimed that the vaccine uses MRC-5 cell lines which were “originally developed from research deriving lung tissue of a 14-week-old aborted Caucasian male foetus”.

AstraZeneca has confirmed its vaccine was not developed using MRC-5 cell lines but does use a different cell strain taken from a female foetus aborted in the 1970s.

The cells are used to propagate the virus for the vaccine but these cells do not make it into the final jab.

MRC-5 cells are also not the same cells from an aborted foetus. They are cell lines that have been grown in a laboratory from a primary cell culture originally taken from a foetus.

MYTH: The Government is bringing in a law that means unlicensed, untested vaccines can be given to people and no one will be liable if they go wrong

FACT: This is incorrect – the Government held a consultation on whether it should change the rules around unlicensed vaccines. Unlicensed is not the same as untested. A manufacturer would still be liable if it did not meet safety standards, or if it was defective.

MYTH: Vaccines alter your DNA

FACT: The vaccines do not alter your DNA. They comprise of mRNA that gives the body instructions on how to make proteins on the surface of the virus.

MYTH: Dr Elisa Granato, one of the first participants in the vaccine trial, has died

FACT: Dr Granato was one of the first participants in human trials of the AstraZeneca and Oxford University vaccine, and has not died.

The false claims of her death prompted her to tweet that she was “very much alive” and “having a cup of tea”.

MYTH: Bill Gates is using the vaccine to secretly microchip the world

FACT: Mr Gates is regularly the subject of conspiracy theories due to his charity’s work in vaccine development.

However, there is no evidence that the Microsoft founder, or anyone else, is trying to implant microchips in anyone through vaccines. Mr Gates has also repeatedly denied these claims.

This conspiracy theory may have originated from a December study published by a team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The study was funded, in part, by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

The team had developed an “approach to encode medical history on a patient” by including a small amount of dye with a vaccine.

But it never experimented on humans and did not include any hardware technology, such as microchips.

MYTH: The Covid vaccine is another repetition of the Thalidomide scandal

FACT: Thalidomide is a drug that was marketed as a treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women in the late 1950s and early ’60s and later caused birth defects. This has understandably prompted distrust in Government guidance on public health issues.

However, Thalidomide is not comparable to a vaccine. Thalidomide went directly into the bloodstream, whereas the Covid-19 vaccine gives antibodies which help fight off the virus.

Thalidomide was not properly tested and never went through the monitoring system as the coronavirus vaccine has done.

Dr Ruth Blue, a consultant for the Thalidomide Society, said it was “a bit insulting that suddenly Thalidomide gets remembered after all these years when it suits anti-vaxxers to have something to compare to — but it isn’t a comparison.

“The outcome of Thalidomide completely changed the way drugs are tested and are passed.”

She added: “Vaccinations are a really fairly safe form of medicine. They have been around for a very long time. There have been very few problems with vaccinations over the years and it’s not really comparable. They are a tried and tested science and they have saved absolutely millions of lives.

“Thalidomide did totally the opposite. It wasn’t tested, it wasn’t tried out and it destroyed millions of lives.”