For the first time in more than 17,000 years, three musical notes have reverberated from an ancient conch shell modified to serve as a wind instrument.

Archaeologists say the specimen is the oldest known man-made conch shell horn and stands out as a unique find among European Upper Palaeolithic (around 46,000 to 12,000 years ago) artefacts.

First found in 1931 in the cave of Marsoulas, nestled in the foothills of the French Pyrenees, the discoverers initially thought the shell served as a ceremonial drinking cup and noted no discernible modifications by human hands.

But after looking at the shell with fresh eyes – and advanced imaging techniques – Carole Fritz at the French National Centre for Scientific Research and colleagues determined that the occupants of the cave had carefully modified the shell to install a mouthpiece.

These ancient craftspeople also removed the outermost edges of the shell’s labrum, the flared ridge that extends outward from the shell’s main opening, and adorned the exterior of the shell with ochre-red pigment designs that match the style of wall art found inside Marsoulas cave.

The tip of the shell is broken forming a 3.5cm diameter opening, according to the study published in Science Advances.

The researchers say the break is clearly not accidental as this is the hardest part of the shell.

At the opposite end, the shell opening shows traces of retouching (cutting) and a scan has revealed that one of the first coils is perforated.

The shell has also been decorated with a red pigment, characteristic of the Marsoulas Cave, which indicates its status as a symbolic object.

To confirm the hypothesis that this conch was used to produce sounds scientists enlisted the help of a horn player who managed to produce three sounds close to the notes C, C sharp, and D.

The researchers assume a mouthpiece was also attached to the conch horn because its opening was irregular and covered with an organic coating as is the case for more recent conches.

The authors write: “Around the world, conch shells have served as musical instruments, calling or signalling devices, and sacred or magic objects depending on the cultures.

“To our knowledge, the Marsoulas shell is unique in the prehistoric context, however, not only in France but at the scale of Palaeolithic Europe and perhaps the world.”

Carbon dating of the cave, carried out on a piece of charcoal and a fragment of bear bone from the same archaeological level as the shell, suggested the conch is around 18,000 years old.

Researchers suggest this makes the Marsoulas conch the oldest wind instrument of its type.

To date, only flutes have been discovered in earlier European Upper Palaeolithic contexts. The conches found outside Europe are much more recent.