A sea mammal expert has developed a groundbreaking tool that can track dolphins by their regional accents.

Dr Julie Oswald, of the University of St Andrews’ Scottish Oceans Institute, created the tool, known as the Real-time Odontocete Call Classification Algorithm (Rocca), using AI.

It can categorise dolphin calls by species and comes in different versions linked to different geographical areas.

There are around 42 species of dolphin and they use hundreds of different sounds to communicate.

The mammals learn to mimic the sounds they hear from a young age and some develop a unique signature whistle they use to announce their identity.

The Scottish Oceans Institute has been improving the understanding of cetacean communication for 20 years

Scientists can study them using hydrophones – underwater microphones that capture sounds as dolphins pass by – but analysis of these sounds can be difficult.

Rocca has made it easier by using machine learning to reveal subtle acoustic differences to match sounds to species with regionally specific settings to account for accents.

This allows the tool to identify the type of species present in a particular area.

Dolphins develop region-specific accents, meaning a bottlenose dolphin in the North Sea may produce different sounds compared with one in the Pacific.

Rocca accounts for these regional differences to help conservationists identify dolphin species more accurately and assess the impact of human activities such as fishing and sonar disturbances.

Dr Oswald is currently expanding Rocca’s applications to other species and ecosystems in regions such as West Africa, Macaronesia and the Mediterranean.

She is also working with scientists and conservationists to train them in acoustic monitoring using Rocca.

The Rocca was one of the winners of the EarthRanger 2024 Conservation Technology Award, which recognises innovations and technology-driven solutions that make measurable conservation impacts.

Jes Lefcourt, Ai2’s senior director of conservation technology and director of the EarthRanger programme, said: “The Scottish Oceans Institute has been improving the understanding of cetacean communication for 20 years.

“Their recent innovations using AI have improved the ability to track and monitor populations of these species and also highlight the individuality of the animals.”