Scientists at a UK-based tech company believe they are now a step closer to building a quantum computer that can solve real-world problems, after making progress towards creating a system that protects against errors.

Experts at Quantinuum said they have made a “breakthrough” towards making quantum computing fault tolerant, which would give the system the ability to continue operating without interruption, even if one or more of its components fail.

The race to build a fully functional quantum computer has mostly focused on correcting errors that affect the system, but Ilyas Khan, the company’s founder and chief product officer, said no-one has shown “an actual demonstration of a step towards qubits, the quantum equivalent of what we refer to as a ‘bit’ in existing computers, that are naturally fault tolerant”.

He described the finding as a “transistor moment for the quantum computing industry”, saying Quantinuum used a “different methodology for generating qubits that has been researched for well over a quarter of a century”.

Quantum computers use the properties of quantum physics to store data and perform computations.

The basic units of information in conventional computers are called bits and are stored as a string of 1s and 0s.

In a quantum computer system, these units are known as qubits and can be both 1s and 0s at the same time.

This is thought to give quantum machines much greater computational power than conventional machines, performing tasks that would take existing computers many years.

However, progress towards commercially viable quantum machines has been slow.

This is because the ability to pass information in quantum computers is fragile, and environmental interference such as heat and defects in materials can cause errors to creep up.

Our newly launched H2 quantum processor is the first machine that can achieve this breakthrough moment

Over the last few decades, physicists have mostly focused on controlling or removing such errors.

Meanwhile, experts have also theorised that the solution could be found in an exotic version of a qubit, known as a topological qubit – which Quantinuum’s scientists believe they have now created.

Topological qubits relate to a mathematical study known as topology, where a structure undergoing physical changes still holds the properties of its original form.

It means this type of qubit has properties that can protect the quantum state from being disturbed by the environment, essentially paving the way for quantum computing systems that need minimal error correction.

Mr Khan said: “We are announcing for the first time the detection and creation of topological qubits that could become the basis for a quantum computer that solves complex problems, rather than something that is merely a proof of concept.”

For the system to work, topological qubits require the presence of a type of exotic particle known as non-Abelian anyons, which encode information using a technique known as braiding.

Quantinuum said it used the company’s H2 quantum processor to create and manipulate non-Abelian anyons for the first time, adding the work was “a significant step towards universal fault-tolerant quantum computing”.

Mr Khan said: “Our newly-launched H2 quantum processor is the first machine that can achieve this breakthrough moment.”

Their work has been published as a preprint on the online portal arXiv and is currently undergoing a peer-review process before being published in a journal.

Commenting on the results, Professor Winfried Hensinger, director of the University of Sussex Centre for Quantum Technologies, who was not involved in the research, described the work as a “very nice achievement” demonstrating the power of a technology known as “trapped ions” used in the H2 processor.

Prof Hensinger, who is also and chief scientist and cofounder at quantum computing spin-out company, Universal Quantum, added: “The breakthrough reported by Quantinuum corresponds to the experimental demonstration of a particular quantum state that is interesting for scientists because of its particular properties.

“The demonstration is made using a transport-based trapped-ion quantum computer.

“Such machines are very powerful – indeed we also develop them at Universal Quantum, because of their ability for every quantum bit to interact with any other quantum bit.”

Quantinuum, which also has offices in the US, Germany and Japan, was formed in 2021, following the merger of two quantum computing companies: Honeywell Quantum Solutions and Cambridge Quantum.