The UK’s private sector went into reverse in November as the national lockdown in England ended four months of expansion, according to new data.

The closely-followed IHS Markit/CIPS Flash UK Composite PMI data showed a reading of 47.4 so far this month. Anything below 50 is seen as a decline in activity. October’s reading at the same point was 52.9 and 56.5 in September.

The downturn was driven by the fastest fall since May in leisure and hospitality businesses as pubs, restaurants and bars close their doors under new lockdown measures.

However, the plunges were offset by a boost in manufacturing as suppliers stockpile products ahead of the Brexit transition period ending this year.

This, in turn, is causing long delays at UK ports and price rises on products as companies scramble to be ready for the future relationship with Europe, which is still being negotiated.

Chris Williamson, chief business economist at IHS Markit, said: “A double-dip is indicated by the November survey data, with lockdown measures once again causing business activity to collapse across large swathes of the economy.

“As expected, hospitality businesses have been the hardest hit, with hotels, bars, restaurants and other consumer facing service providers reporting the steepest downturns.

“Some comfort comes from the data suggesting that the impact of the lockdown has not been as severe as in the spring, and manufacturing has also received a significant boost from inventory building and a surge in exports ahead of the UK’s departure from the EU at the end of the year, providing a fillip for many companies.

“However, while the lockdown will be temporary, so too will this pre-Brexit boost.”

Business optimism was higher for November, with companies hopeful on the various vaccine news to have emerged.

But fears remain that the huge swathe of expected redundancies in the services sector will have a knock-on impact on the entire economy.

Duncan Brock, group director at CIPS, said: “News of potential vaccines bringing a return to normality lifted the mood with a big rise in optimism to its highest since March 2015.

“But in the meantime with service businesses still shedding jobs at a head-spinning rate, the new year will be difficult as another recession waits on the doorstep.”